Published by the University of Chicago Press, Chicago is most often used by history researchers. Named after its author, Kate Turabian, the Turabian citation style is very similar to Chicago with a few slight differences.
The most recent edition of both manuals can be found in Raynor Reference and in Memorial Library for circulation, as well the full digital text of the Chicago Manual online.
The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2003.
Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations : Chicago Style for Students. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2007.
Chicago Style Citation "Quick Guide" (from the Chicago Manual online)
e-Turabian (citation generator from Eksendia)
Turabian and Chicago Styles Citations (University of California Berkeley Library)
A Sample Chicago Style Paper from Dana Hacker's Research and Documentation site
Chicago/Turabian Documentation Style (UW-Madison Writing Center)
Student Guide to Citing Archival Sources (includes Chicago examples)
Library of Congress: How to Cite Electronic Sources (includes Chicago and MLA style for Web sites, a cartoon, films, legal documents, maps, a newspaper, photographs, sound recordings, special presentations, and texts)